定義/特性:
-catecholamine-secreting tumors
-會製造,分泌catecholamine (NE > EP, dopamine)的神經節
1) pheochromocytoma (交感神經節細胞) (位於腎上腺髓質或以外)
2) paraganglioma (會分泌chatecholamine的副交感神經節) (位於頭頸部副交感神經節之頸動脈體(carotid body), Glomus vagale等)
- 通常來自腎上腺髓質,
-在成人: (10%瘤)
10% 雙側
10% 腎上腺髓質外的交感神經節之嗜鉻性細胞(chromaffin cells) (extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma)
10% 惡性,
10% 家族或遺傳性
familial, MEN 2A/2B, von Hippel-Lindau's syndrome, Neurofibromatosis type I
*MEN 2A: 甲狀腺髓質癌, 嗜鉻細胞瘤, 副甲狀腺亢進,
2B: 甲狀腺髓質癌, 嗜鉻細胞瘤, mucosal neuromas/ 腸ganglionneuromatosis, marfanoid 特徵
---------------------------------------------------
臨床:
5Ps (palpitation, pain (angina, headache, 腹痛), perspiration, pallor, pressure (HTN),
典型triad: 心悸, 頭痛, 多汗
-高血壓 (60%: 持續性; 40%:陣發性); 無法解釋之低血壓/休克, 臉色蒼白,
-心悸/心搏過速, 焦慮, 多汗,
-頭痛, 高血鈣,
* 嗜鉻細胞瘤急症
-病人於麻醉, 生產, 懷孕, 腹部觸摸/壓迫時, 腫瘤細胞大量釋出catecholamines, 引發症狀
---------------------------------------------------
診斷: *腫瘤分泌之catecholamine會有起伏, 通常測其代謝物 (如metanephrine, VMA)
*24h 尿 VMA
Low risk pt: 24h 尿中 fractionated metanephrine & catecholamine (Se/Sp 90/98%) JCEM 2003
High risk pt: 血 free metanephrine (Se/Sp 99/89%) JAMA 2002
1.先停止影響檢驗藥物 (TCA, Alfa or beta-blocker, opiates, histamine, glucagon, methyldopa, clonidine); 避免用顯影劑; 使其休息;
篩檢:
-測24h 尿中 fractionated metanephrine & catecholamine (dopamine, EP, NE) 或 VMA (vannillylvandelic acid)
*測尿中catecholamine比VMA更具診斷價值
(*測plasma & urine free metanephrines 為最敏感且正確, 較少因壓力造成偽陽性)
2.測24h 血壓變化 (自費)
3.影像學 (if 抽血,驗尿呈陽性)
-腎上腺CT, MRI皆可 (若無發現, 須懷疑腎上腺外,可用以下)
*腎上腺碘131-MIBG or Octreotide scintigraphy (閃爍掃描)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
治療:
.手術
* 術前須 1)服用alfa-blocker ( ± beta-blocker: inderal) 二週, 以避免術後低血壓
2) volume expansion (因術後可能低血壓)
1. α-阻斷劑
a. Phenoxybenzamine(POB)此為 α 受體非競爭性阻斷劑,因此其作用為長效(因須等受體重新製造),因此使用此藥,術後可能產生姿態性低血壓。此外此藥無選擇性,
亦即它阻斷 α 1 及 α 2 受體,presynaptic α 2 可抑制神經釋放副腎上腺素,若將其阻斷可造成反射性心跳過速。
b. 選擇性 α 1 受體阻斷劑如 prazosin、terazosin (hytrin)(2mg/#)、doxazosin (doxaben),
-此類藥劑已漸取代前者,因其作用時間較短,又不抑制 α 2,不會造成反射性心跳過速。
hytrin (2mg/#): 初: 0.5# hs, 維持: 0.5-2.5#QD (max 10#/d)
doxaben (1mg) doxaben XL (4mg) 1-16mg am or pm
2.鈣離子通道阻斷劑 (Adalat OROS)
-直接使小動脈平滑肌放鬆, 可對抗副腎上腺素及 NPY 之作用,尤其是長效型鈣離子通道阻斷劑效果不錯,若遇較頑強者可與 α 1 受體阻斷劑併用。
-此外它並不會使血壓降得太低或姿態性低血壓,因此對陣發性高血壓型之病人相當適合;
-它也可預防鄰苯二酚胺引起的冠狀動脈痙攣及心肌炎。
-Nicardipine 可靜脈注射調控手術中高血壓。
3. β-阻斷劑在未使用 α-阻斷前為禁忌,因 α 1 造成之血管收縮失去血管擴張 β 2 之對抗,造成高血壓危症,甚至又因 β 阻斷造成肺水腫。
-它主要用於對抗反射性心跳過速。
-Abetalol(α及 β 阻斷劑,β 阻斷>α 阻斷)曾被用於嗜鉻細胞瘤,但亦有異常高血壓反應之案例。
4. 中樞 α 2 協同劑,Clonidine 雖然可抑制神經釋放鄰苯二酚胺,而降低血壓及心跳,但因其有反彈高血壓,故未廣泛應用於嗜鉻細胞瘤之高血壓治療。
-嗜鉻細胞瘤引發次發性高血壓經過手術切除後大部分可痊癒,
-家族性者復發率高達 20~50% ,術後高血壓仍須藥物控制者 25~38%,因此術後之追蹤仍然必要。
-由於laprascopic 手術之發達,麻醉技術之進步,短效 α 1 阻斷劑之研發,手術前後之併發症及死亡率已大為降低
-trandate (labetalol) (25mg/amp), 20mg ivd (3min以上), q5', max 200mg
->緊急血壓控制後, phenoxybenzamine (alfa-blocker) (10mg/cap) 1# bid, q2-3天增加10mg (max 40mg/d)
-nitroprusside (50mg/amp) 20 amp (1000mg) in D5W ivd (以錫箔紙包紮避光)
*由 0.3mg/kg/min開始, 50-60kg=900-1080mg
-phentolamine (10mg/ml) 1-5mg ivd 3'以上
腎上腺髓質掃描 MIBG Adrenal Medulla Scintigraphy
[前言]
-腎上腺髓質是一種能分泌兒茶酚胺(catecholamin)激素的細胞(叫做嗜鉻性細胞chromaffin cell)所組成,因為節前神經纖維直接伸到腺體的嗜鉻性細胞,所以此激素的分泌直接受到自主神經的控制。
-Catecholamine激素主要為腎上腺素 (epinephrine)以及正腎上腺素(norepinephrine),兩種激素均是由tyrosine氨基酸衍生而來,其生化合成的過程是 Tyrosine-->Dopa-->Dopamine-->Norepinephrine-->Epinephrine。
-當腎 上腺髓質的交感神經受到刺激時會引起腎上腺素和正腎上腺素的大量分泌,其中腎上腺素佔80%而正腎上腺素佔20%。
-基本上兩種激素對於身體的作用很類似, 可以增加心臟的活動力、引起全身血管收縮以及抑制腸胃道蠕動等等。
在造影所使用的藥劑為MIBG(Metaiodo Benzylguanidine),
-是一種類似正腎上腺素的藥劑,它會聚積在儲有catecholamine的腎上腺髓質嗜鉻性細胞或是交感神經末鞘內, 對於診斷嗜鉻性細胞瘤有76~100%的敏感度,透過全身掃瞄的技術,更能尋找異位或轉移的嗜鉻性細胞腫瘤如medullary thyroid carcinoma,paragangliomas等等,在臨床上最常用於檢查的便是嗜鉻性細胞瘤,因為腎上腺髓質腫瘤促使兒茶酚胺分泌增加,腎上腺素 (epinephrine,norepinephrine)在血中、尿中濃度均會升高,而引起高血壓,盜汗,心悸,緊張等類似交感神經刺激的症狀。
-一般嗜 鉻性細胞瘤除原發在兩側腎上腺髓質部外,還會沿著脊椎交感神經系轉移,或多發性的神經腫瘤,因此在檢查時一定要進行全身性的掃瞄才行。
[適應症]
-診斷嗜鉻性細胞瘤(pheochromocytoma),
-甲狀腺髓質癌(medullary thyroid carcinoma),
-亞神經節瘤(paragangliomas):存於交感神經及全身之嗜鉻組織,
-神經母細胞瘤(neuroblastoma),
-類癌瘤(carcinoid tumor):位於小腸、闌尾、胃結腸發生之一種界線分明的黃色瘤。
[儀器]
GE HELIX或Varicam使用high energy parallel hole collimator(6號)
[藥劑]
I-131-MIBG 0.5~1 mCi,Lugol's solution。
[掃瞄前準備]
1、病人最好先做血液生化檢查,再來作腎上腺髓質掃描,若是epinephrine,norepinephrine,VMA等兒茶酚胺高者才進行MIBG scan。
2、為預防I-131聚積而傷害甲狀腺,打針前三天要服用Lugol's solution,每天4滴,滴入開水中稀釋服用,一直持續到檢查結束為止。
3、MIBG因為結構類似norepinephrine,必須緩慢注射以免引起高血壓的危險性。
4、去除全身之金屬物品。
5、向受檢者或家屬解釋檢查之目的及詳細流程,希望能全力配合以完成繁瑣的檢查。
[掃瞄方法]
1、於注射MIBG後連續3天進行全身掃瞄,攝影時受檢者躺在掃描床上,收集前後位全身掃瞄(由頭部至膝蓋)的影像。
2、掃瞄時第1天速度設為15cm/min,第2及第3天速度改為10cm/min。
3、全身掃瞄後若有局部對MIBG吸收增加等疑點時,加照局部靜態影像,若於膀胱等位置則加照側面,或以漲尿、排空等相對影像以供參考。
4、收集靜態影像條件為[256*256];counts=200~300K或是20~40min視當時影像強度而定;zoom=1。
5、若有明顯病灶的顯現,要局部定位時可用Tc-99m MDP骨骼掃瞄,Tc-99m DTPA腎臟掃瞄等影像與I-131 MIBG用不同能窗的影像作相加減的處理。。
6、若影像裡腸胃道的活性太高,在掃描前於睡前服用兩顆dulcolax(輕瀉劑)清腸。
7、常與醫師討論影像,決定是否要延長掃瞄的時間或是進一步之處理。
[影像處理]
將所拍攝之影像依前後位置及時間順序排列並加註時間即可。
[其他]
這是一個臨床上並不常見的檢查,但是由於它的高敏感性以及幾乎可達100%的特異性,使得臨床上對於CT以及MRI在腎上腺所見到而無法判定的組織能夠提 供一強而有力的工具。另外在進行檢查前一定要確認受檢者的各項血清生化值,瞭解受檢者的用藥史,停用影響MIBG吸收的藥物,尤其是抗憂鬱症的藥物至少要 停服六星期,並且因為國內並無生產此藥,通常在排定檢查日期到藥物進口至台灣要2~3星期,因此檢查前必須跟受檢者解釋清楚,預先將檢查的時段空出來。
[影像範例]
這是一個嗜鉻性細胞瘤的影像,受檢者於第1天就可以在腹部的左前方見到MIBG聚積的影像,在利用Tc-99m MDP收集骨骼的影像後,與MIBG做影像的相加減,便可以定位出腫瘤的位置。
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pheochromocytoma
32,M,
c/o facial flushing began ffg stressful business meeting; also HA
(severe, throbbing)(due to↑BP).
Past yr
episodic nausea, perspiration, palpitation, anxiety. Recent obstipation頑固便秘
& wt loss x 5kg for last 8m. Currently asymp. Denies drug use. No
medication. HTN (210/125), N° HR,
PE:
thin, regular rate & rhythm,
↑plasma
EP/NE (> 2,000 ng/L) at rest.
Clonidine fails to signif suppress plasma catecholamines;↑glucose
(due to↑EP/NE),
UA:↑VMA
(vanillylmandelic acid)
(* false
(+)↑VMA –may be due to –coffee, Tea, chocolate, medications). CT-abd:
large right adrenal masses,
Nuc-MIBG:↑left
adrenal activity. (=0.2% of pt w/ HTN. Mc adrenal medullary tumor in adults.
a/w 1)
MEN IIa (Sipple’s synd (pheoch, medullary thyroid ca, parathyroid
adenoma.
2) MEN IIb (Pheoch, medullary thyroid ca, oral/intestinal
ganglioneuromatosis)
3) von Hippel-Lindau dz
4) neurofibromatosis.
Rule of
10’s
: 10% malig, bil, extra-adrenal,
calcify, familial, children.
(treatable persistent (or transcient) 2° HTN,
idiopathic 1° neoplasm of chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (der fr
embryonic neural crest
cells) producing EP/NE), may also fr
retroperitoneal, pelvic, or cervical chromaffin bodies
of sympathetic NS.
Cause
transient, paroxysmal↑BP. (in rare instance, may↑ACTHàbil
adrenal hyperplasia & Cushing’s synd)
Cx : cardiac & cerebral damage due to malig
HTN, cardiomyopathy, CHF, Mets.
Tx:
Control BP
– phenoxybenzamine or
prazosin
for 1-3 wks prior to surgery.
Liberal自由salt
intake wks /a surgery. To reverse chronic vol contraction.
Beta-blocker
- for arrhythmia.
Only
/p adeq alpha-blockade to↓periph vasc resistance.
Surgical resection
(laparoscopic or open)
Follows alpha-blockade.
*close
monitoring –intra- & postOPly.
To
prev profound postresection hypotension (fr periph VD)
=========================================================
惡性或良性 catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma) (Williams 12e)
- 從 clinical, biochemical, or histopathologic characteristics 來分辨很難.
- Malignancy is rare in patients with MEN2 or VHL syndrome, but it is common in those with familial paraganglioma caused by mutations in SDHB.
-Patients with SDHB mutations are more likely to develop malignant disease and nonparaganglioma neoplasms (e.g., renal cell carcinoma)
預後:
-轉移處: local tissue invasion, liver, bone, lung, omemtum, and lymph nodes.
-惡性: 5ySR < 50%, but prognosis is variable:
-50% -> indolent form, life expectancy of > 20 yrs,
-50% -> rapidly progressive dz, death within 1-3 yrs after diagnosis.
治療:
-先評估 the aggressiveness of tumor behavior.
-需 multimodality, multidisciplinary, individualized approach 來控制 catecholamine-dependent symptoms, local mass effect symptoms.
-對惡性轉移性pheochromocytoma, 長期藥物治療 也類似於術前準備的藥物.
-因手術可能造成tumor釋放 massive catecholamine, ablative therapy 應極小心;
*除了給 α- and β-blocker, these pts 術前通常會另外給 metyrosine.
-轉移處應盡可能切除以減少 tumor burden.
-骨轉移處疼痛或危及結構功能: external radiotherapy or cryoablation or 手術.
-肝轉移:
大且無法切除者: thrombotic therapy
小轉移: radiofrequency ablation
-long-acting octreotide has been beneficial (in selected cases)
-軟組織lesion (無法切除的): External radiotherapy.
-腫瘤局部放療(碘131-MIBG治療劑量) 33% 具 partial & temporary responses.
-Combination化療 (CVD: Cyclophosphamide, Vincristin, Dacarbazine): If tumor is considered aggressive and the patient’s quality of life is affected.
-標靶治療: Recent preliminary studies suggest that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib) may have a role in the treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma.113
CVD 化療
In a nonrandomized, single-arm trial, the efficacy of chemotherapy with a combination CVD protocol (cyclophosphamide, 750 mg/m 2 body surface area on day 1; vincristine, 1.4 mg/m 2 on day 1; and dacarbazine 600 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 2; repeated every 21 days) was studied in 14 patients
with malignant pheochromocytoma.
This protocol produced a complete and partial response rate of 57% (median duration, 21 months; range, 7 to >34).
Complete and partial biochemical responses were seen in 79% of patients (median duration, >22 months; range, 6 to >35 months).
All responding patients had objective improvement in performance status and blood pressure.
CVD chemotherapy can be continued until the patient develops new lesions or there is a significant (e.g., >25%) increase in size of known tumor sites.
*因此regimen may induce massive catecholamine release, 故給予 CVD chemotherapy前, 必須optimally α- and β-blocked.
*the first cycle of CVD should be completed in the hospital and with close medical observation.
*Management of malignant pheochromocytoma can be frustrating because curative options are limited.
113. Joshua AM, Ezzat S, Asa SL, et al. Rationale and evidence for sunitinib in the treatment of malignant paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:5-9.
惡性或良性 catecholamine-secreting tumors (pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma) (Williams 12e)
- 從 clinical, biochemical, or histopathologic characteristics 來分辨很難.
- Malignancy is rare in patients with MEN2 or VHL syndrome, but it is common in those with familial paraganglioma caused by mutations in SDHB.
-Patients with SDHB mutations are more likely to develop malignant disease and nonparaganglioma neoplasms (e.g., renal cell carcinoma)
預後:
-轉移處: local tissue invasion, liver, bone, lung, omemtum, and lymph nodes.
-惡性: 5ySR < 50%, but prognosis is variable:
-50% -> indolent form, life expectancy of > 20 yrs,
-50% -> rapidly progressive dz, death within 1-3 yrs after diagnosis.
治療:
-先評估 the aggressiveness of tumor behavior.
-需 multimodality, multidisciplinary, individualized approach 來控制 catecholamine-dependent symptoms, local mass effect symptoms.
-對惡性轉移性pheochromocytoma, 長期藥物治療 也類似於術前準備的藥物.
-因手術可能造成tumor釋放 massive catecholamine, ablative therapy 應極小心;
*除了給 α- and β-blocker, these pts 術前通常會另外給 metyrosine.
-轉移處應盡可能切除以減少 tumor burden.
-骨轉移處疼痛或危及結構功能: external radiotherapy or cryoablation or 手術.
-肝轉移:
大且無法切除者: thrombotic therapy
小轉移: radiofrequency ablation
-long-acting octreotide has been beneficial (in selected cases)
-軟組織lesion (無法切除的): External radiotherapy.
-腫瘤局部放療(碘131-MIBG治療劑量) 33% 具 partial & temporary responses.
-Combination化療 (CVD: Cyclophosphamide, Vincristin, Dacarbazine): If tumor is considered aggressive and the patient’s quality of life is affected.
-標靶治療: Recent preliminary studies suggest that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., sunitinib) may have a role in the treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma.113
CVD 化療
In a nonrandomized, single-arm trial, the efficacy of chemotherapy with a combination CVD protocol (cyclophosphamide, 750 mg/m 2 body surface area on day 1; vincristine, 1.4 mg/m 2 on day 1; and dacarbazine 600 mg/m 2 on days 1 and 2; repeated every 21 days) was studied in 14 patients
with malignant pheochromocytoma.
This protocol produced a complete and partial response rate of 57% (median duration, 21 months; range, 7 to >34).
Complete and partial biochemical responses were seen in 79% of patients (median duration, >22 months; range, 6 to >35 months).
All responding patients had objective improvement in performance status and blood pressure.
CVD chemotherapy can be continued until the patient develops new lesions or there is a significant (e.g., >25%) increase in size of known tumor sites.
*因此regimen may induce massive catecholamine release, 故給予 CVD chemotherapy前, 必須optimally α- and β-blocked.
*the first cycle of CVD should be completed in the hospital and with close medical observation.
*Management of malignant pheochromocytoma can be frustrating because curative options are limited.
113. Joshua AM, Ezzat S, Asa SL, et al. Rationale and evidence for sunitinib in the treatment of malignant paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:5-9.
您好,請問將嗜鉻細胞瘤切除後,就會一併失去腎上腺的功能對嗎?
回覆刪除那請問患者在沒有腎上腺的狀況下,能夠正常生活多久呢?謝謝